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Table 2 Laboratory, ventilatory, and hemodynamic parameters during ICU stay

From: Perfusion deficits may underlie lung and kidney injury in severe COVID-19 disease: insights from a multicenter international cohort study

 

No AKI, n = 84

(53%)

Transient AKI, n = 15

(10%)

Persistent AKI, n = 58

(37%)

P value for trend*

Laboratory parameters at ICU admission

 CRP (mg/dL)

19.42 [9.05–24.27]

18.54 [12.20–28.05]

23.20 [11.10–28.30]

0.163

 PCT (ng/mL)

0.56 [0.30–1.73]

0.75 [0.28–6.34]

1.06 [0.29–3.94]

0.187

 WBC (*103/mm3)

9.34 [6.98–12.16]

12.70 [11.70–20.16]

11.05 [8.77–14.40]

0.009

 Platelets (*103/mm3)

256 [187–339]

273 [170–334]

225 [190–305]

0.306

 INR

1.15 [1.09–1.28]

1.11 [1.07–1.16]

1.14 [1.05–1.32]

0.728

 aPTT ratio

0.98 [0.88–1.06]

0.88 [0.79–1.00]

0.92 [0.85–1.00]

0.072

 Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

639 [525–768]

677 [567–788]

609 [365–750]

0.521

 Dimer (µg/mL)

1.02 [0.50–3.01]

1.36 [0.57–4.33]

1.58 [0.54–22]

0.388

 LDH (IU/L)

474 [404–583]

598 [340–792]

488 [392–632]

0.919

 Bilirubin (mg/dL)

0.60 [0.40–0.80]

0.80 [0.40–1.40]

0.70 [0.44–1.12]

0.062

 Albumin (mg/dL)

2.90 [2.50–3.10]

3.10 [2.80–3.20]

2.90 [2.70–3.30]

0.159

 pH

7.37 ± 0.82

7.33 ± 0.07

7.32 ± 0.11

0.002

 Bicarbonate (mmol/L)

26 [23–28]

24 [21–25]

24 [21–27]

0.020

 Base Excess (mmol/L)

0.80 [–1–05–3.00]

–0.05 [–1.00–1.40]

–0.2 [–3.6–2.7]

0.017

 Lactate (mmol/l)

1.5 [1.2–2–0]

2.0 [1.4–2.3]

1.8 [1.3–2.7]

0.009

 Sodium (mEq/L)

140 [137–142]

138 [136–142]

140 [138–143]

0.041

 Potassium (mEq/L)

3.9 [3.5–4.2]

4.0 [3.8–4.3]

4.0 [3.5–4.5]

0.088

 Chloride (mEq/L)

103 [101–106]

104 [101–105]

104 [101–108]

0.264

 Strong ion difference (mEq/L)

40 [38–41]

39 [38–41]

41 [39–44]

0.047

Severity of critical illness at ICU admission

 Cpl, rs (ml/cmH2O)

41 [34–45]

39 [32–43]

40 [31–48]

0.817

 DP (cmH2O)

11 [9–13]

12.5 [10–14]

11 [10–14]

0.116

 PaO2/ FiO2

151 [121–187]

190 [128–208]

139 [100–168]

0.161

 PaCO2 (mmHg)

45 [39–53]

42 [33–61]

48 [39–65]

0.193

 EtCO2 (mmHg)

39 [34–41]

40 [37–45]

35 [33–38]

0.037

 Dead space (%)

37 [32–38]

37 [26–44]

39 [34–41]

0.827

 MV (L/min)

10 [8–11]

11 [8–12]

11 [9–12]

0.044

 Standardized MV (L/min)

11 [9–13]

12 [10–13]

13 [10–19]

0.022

 SOFA score

6 [4–8]

8 [4–9]

9 [6–13]

< 0.001

 Cardiovascular SOFA score

0 [0–3]

3 [0–3]

3 [0–4]

0.005

 NMBDs, n (%)

78 (93)

12 (80)

51 (89)

0.451

71 (84)

11 (73)

40 (69)

0.027

 iNO, n (%)

6 (7)

0 (0)

2 (3)

0.310

 V–V ECMO, n (%)

5 (6)

1 (7)

0(0)

0.075

Ventilatory parameters—average of the first ICU week

 PEEPc (cmH2O)

13 [12–15]

12 [11–14]

13 [12–14]

0.004

 TVc (mL)

440 [393–460]

420 [380–437]

449 [410–490]

0.036

 TV/IBWc (mL/kg)

6 [6, 7]

7 [5.5–7.5]

6 [6, 7]

0.503

 RRc (breaths/min)

24 [22–26]

24 [23–28]

26 [21–28]

0.173

 MVc (L/min)

10 [9–12]

10 [8–11]

11 [9–14]

0.024

 Standardized MVac (L/min)

12 [10–16]

12 [10–14]

13 [10–18]

0.073

 Plateau pressurec (cmH2O)

24 [22–26.5]

24 [21–26.5]

25 [22–28]

0.339

 Cpl, rsc (ml/cmH2O)

39.5 [34–45]

39 [31.5–43]

40 [31.5–48]

0.935

 DPc (cmH2O)

11 [9–12]

10.5 [9.5–12.5]

12 [10–13.5]

0.141

 EtCO2c (mmHg)

39 [34–41]

40 [37–45]

35 [33–38]

0.038

 PaO2c (mmHg)

90 [82–97]

86 [75–107]

85 [75–93]

0.037

 PaCO2c (mmHg)

50 [46–54]

50 [42–54]

49 [43–60]

0.960

 FiO2c (%)

61 [51–72]

55 [46–70]

70 [54–83]

0.038

 PaO2/ FiO2c

151 [121–187]

190 [128–208]

139 [100–168]

0.161

 Dead spacebc (%)

23 [18–32]

18 [10–31]

31 [24–43]

0.049

Hemodynamic parameters—average of the first ICU week

 MAPc (mmHg)

80 ± 7

83 ± 9

81 ± 8

0.497

 CVPc (mmHg)

11 ± 3

12 ± 2

10 ± 3

0.362

 HRc (beats/min)

87 ± 13

89 ± 12

94 ± 15

0.007

 Lactatec (mmol/l)

1.5 [1.2–1.8]

1.6 [0.9–2.2]

1.7 [1.4–2.4]

0.012

Outcomes

 Bacterial over-infection, n (%)

48 (57)

7 (47)

18 (31)

0.002

 Stroke, n (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (3)

0.076

 VTE, n (%)

24 (29)

5 (33)

9 (15)

0.083

 PTE, n (%)

10 (12)

0 (0)

6 (10)

0.704

 IMV duration (days)

14 [10–24]

11 [6–37]

6 [3–12]

< 0.001

 NIMV duration (days)

1 [0–2]

1 [0–2]

0 [0–1]

< 0.001

 Tracheostomy, n (%)

20 (24)

3 (20)

5 (9)

0.019

 VFDs (days)

12 [0–17]

0 [0–21]

0 [0–22]

0.134

 ICU LOS (days)

15 [11–27]

12 [8–37]

6 [2–17]

< 0.001

 Hospital LOS (days)

36 [24–50]

31 [14–52]

14 [7–34]

< 0.001

 ICU mortality, n (%)

14 (17)

3 (20)

29 (50)

< 0.001

 Renal recovery, n (%)

/

8 (53)

19 (33)

0.141†

  1. Continuous data will be expressed as mean ± SD or median [IQR], as appropriate; categorical variables were reported as count (proportion) (n, %)
  2. Definition of abbreviation. ALT Alanine transaminase, aPTT Activated partial thromboplastin time, AST aspartate Aminotransferase, CRP C-reactive protein, CVP Central venous pressure, Cpl,rs Compliance of respiratory system, DP Driving pressure, EtCO2 End-tidal CO2, FiO2 Inspiratory fraction of oxygen, HR Heart rate, IBW Ideal body weight, ICU LOS Intensive care unit length of stay, IMV Invasive mechanical ventilation, iNO Inhaled nitric oxide, INR International normalized ratio, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, MAP Mean arterial pressure, MV Minute ventilation, NIMV Non-invasive mechanical ventilation, PaCO2 Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PaO2 Arterial partial pressure of oxygen, PCT Procalcitonin, PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure, PTE Pulmonary thromboembolism, RR Respiratory rate, SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment, TV Tidal volume, VFDs Ventilator-free days, VTE Venous thromboembolism, V-V ECMO Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, WBC White blood cells
  3. *P values for trend were calculated with the use of linear regression, Jonckheere-Terpstra, and Cochran-Armitage trend test, where appropriate
  4. †Chi2 test was used to estimate differences in the proportions of renal recovery between transient and persistent AKI groups
  5. aStandardized minute ventilation = minute ventilation × PaCO2/40 mm Hg
  6. bDead space = (PaCO2- EtCO2/PaCO2)*100
  7. cRefers to the average of the first 7 days of ICU stay
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Journal of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Critical Care

ISSN: 2731-3786

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